PROVE INVALSI. E DOPO ? - di Gianni GANDOLA |

PROVE INVALSI. E DOPO ? - di Gianni GANDOLA

di Gianni GandolaMer, 10/02/2010 - 12:05

Si è tenuto recentemente presso l’università Bicocca di Milano un convegno di presentazione dei risultati delle prove Invalsi. Com’è noto nel maggio scorso ha avuto luogo la rilevazione degli apprendimenti in Italiano e Matematica degli alunni delle classi seconde e quinte mediante una prova esterna standardizzata. Essa ha riguardato 5.303 scuole primarie italiane (il 68,2% del totale delle scuole primarie). Complessivamente hanno sostenuto le prove 350.000 alunni. I test erano effettuati su un campione di scuole, su base facoltativa. Tutto il materiale (prove, rapporto finale, ecc.) è rinvenibile nel sito dell’Invalsi. Al convegno milanese erano presenti il presidente dell’Invalsi, prof. Cipollone, che ha tenuto la relazione introduttiva e diversi e qualificati esponenti del mondo politico e accademico (l’on. Valentina Aprea, l’ex ministro Fioroni, la preside Susanna Mantovani, il prof. G. Catalano, ed altri).

Interessanti le osservazioni, spesso bipartisan, e i contributi portati negli interventi. Ma la vera domanda –quella in prospettiva centrale – l’ha posta nelle fasi conclusive del dibattito, la prof. Kanizsa (preside Scienze della formazione primaria) allorché con garbo e semplicità si è chiesta ed ha chiesto: e adesso? Dopo le rilevazioni dell’Invalsi, cosa succede? Perché è questo il nodo cruciale, da cui si dovrebbe partire.
E’ indubbio che l’Invalsi abbia svolto un lavoro serio di rilevazione degli apprendimenti su un ampio campione (a questo proposito, la "notizia" è che le prove da quest’anno diventeranno obbligatorie per tutte le scuole). L’Istituto ha, in un certo senso, fatto il suo mestiere. Ma ora che sappiamo qual è lo stato dell’arte, che si fa?
Il punto è questo. Una volta che si sa che c’è uno squilibrio Nord-Sud, che gli stranieri sono penalizzati e in difficoltà, che in generale le cose vanno meglio là dove c’è un modello organizzativo e didattico come il tempo pieno (vale a dire nei grandi centri e soprattutto al Nord), quali sono gli interventi correttivi, le strategie, le azioni concrete che si mettono in campo per migliorare la famosa "qualità" dell’insegnamento (e quindi gli apprendimenti) nelle scuole?

Ha scritto giustamente Fiorella Farinelli in un precedente articolo che "bisogna guardare a come si lavora nelle scuole, alle caratteristiche organizzative e didattiche, alla qualità dell’impegno educativo dei dirigenti scolastici, alla preparazione professionale degli insegnanti, alla minore affezione delle scuole –anche quando si poteva- al tempo pieno". Ora, a noi sembra che – sul piano delle politiche scolastiche – si stia andando in direzione decisamente contraria. In direzione "ostinata e contraria", come diceva De Andrè, ma purtroppo in altro senso. Stiamo assistendo ad una consistente riduzione delle risorse economiche e professionali (questa sì "epocale", per dirla alla Gelmini), con tagli di personale, riduzione dei fondi alle scuole (in particolare per il funzionamento didattico e organizzativo, ma per il funzionamento ordinario degli istituti più in generale).
Nessun piano di formazione e aggiornamento per gli insegnanti, sostenuto da adeguate risorse. Per la precisione non si ricorda – nella scuola primaria – un piano nazionale di aggiornamento serio e organico dall’inizio degli anni ’90, dopo il piano quinquennale che affiancò e sostenne l’introduzione dei Programmi del 1985, coinvolgendo tutti i docenti dell’allora scuola elementare.

A tutto questo si aggiunge, sul piano pedagogico e organizzativo, la riproposta della figura del maestro unico che rappresenta un arretramento culturale notevole rispetto all’esperienza del team docente (tempo pieno e moduli). E’ stata la stessa Aprea ad osservare che le opportunità di apprendimento sono legate al "tipo" di scuola, che la scuola al sud è una scuola povera e che il tempo pieno (di cui l’Aprea, già direttrice didattica in provincia di Milano, pare riconoscere tuttora il valore) è concentrato prevalentemente al Nord.
Tutto questo non crea migliori condizioni di lavoro per i docenti, anzi rende più difficile la loro attività. Soprattutto non contribuisce a migliorarne le prestazioni. Di conseguenza, è piuttosto difficile pensare che possano migliorare la prestazioni dei loro alunni.
Se poi vogliamo parlare dei risultati degli alunni stranieri, non è possibile pensare che l’unica soluzione al problema-stranieri sin qui accennata, l’unico intervento previsto è il limite della quota del trenta per cento. Porre un tetto alla presenza degli stranieri (Scuolaoggi ha già trattato ampiamente questo tema) è del tutto insufficiente. Se si vogliono migliorare i livelli di apprendimento, nonché la stessa integrazione dei non italofoni, non basta redistribuire gli alunni stranieri qua e là, servono ben altri supporti, ben altre forme di intervento. Servono innanzi tutto risorse professionali (ad es. i docenti facilitatori) e metodologie educative adeguate (accoglienza, alfabetizzazione, potenziamento dell’italiano).

Insomma, l’Invalsi ha svolto il suo compito ma, in assenza di interventi da parte della politica, rischia di svolgere una funzione prettamente notarile. Il problema di fondo resta quello già accennato. Una volta che si sa quali sono i livelli (e i limiti) di apprendimento dei nostri alunni, cosa si fa concretamente per migliorarli? Servono politiche scolastiche adeguate, sul piano del "tempo scuola" offerto agli alunni, delle strutture scolastiche, della formazione (quindi della "qualità") dei docenti. Non si vede nulla di tutto questo all’orizzonte. Anzi. Se l’unica risposta in campo resta la finanziaria del ministro Tremonti, allora c’è poco da sperare.
　

Gianni Gandola

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