Negli ultimi due decenni la scuola primaria torinese, così come verosimilmente altre realtà in cui forte è stata la richiesta di tempo pieno da parte delle famiglie, si è retta su un più o meno stabile equilibrio dovuto al buon esercizio dell’autonomia da parte delle istituzioni scolastiche.
Nelle nostre realtà la Legge 148 istitutiva dei moduli non ha mai dato luogo alle sterili e dispendiose sovrapposizioni di insegnanti ripetutamente denunciate nelle ineffabili trasmissioni televisive a cui abbiamo più o meno recentemente, e non senza malcelata insofferenza, assistito.
Le ore di compresenza sono state utilizzate per rispondere alle esigenze di tempo pieno rimaste insoddisfatte sul piano istituzionale: classi a modulo funzionanti per 33, 36 e anche 40 ore settimanali, delle quali si sono perfino perse nel tempo origine e natura , confondendosi, nella percezione di insegnanti e genitori, con le classi a tempo pieno effettivamente riconosciute.
I “tagli” già praticati nel corrente anno scolastico hanno prodotto un primo energico “scossone” proprio in queste realtà, mentre hanno praticamente lasciato indenne il tempo pieno “riconosciuto”. In genere si è riusciti a mantenere, nelle classi successive alla prima, il tempo scuola preesistente, sacrificando tutte o quasi le residue risorse disponibili; ne è risultata una realtà didattica ampiamente divaricata in termini di qualità dell’offerta formativa: compresenze, laboratori, attività di recupero/arricchimento in un caso, assenza di tutte o quasi queste opportunità nell’altro.
E’ evidente che quasi mai un’ autonomia scolastica è interamente caratterizzata da una o dall’altra fattispecie, mentre ciò può più facilmente accadere per il singolo plesso, anche di grandi dimensioni. Rimane in ogni caso lo squilibrio di risorse fra le diverse realtà scolastiche, non solo in termini quantitativi, ma anche e soprattutto qualitativi, che risulta direttamente proporzionale alla quantità di classi a tempo pieno riconosciuto presenti in una determinata scuola.
I “tagli”del prossimo anno scolastico e di quello successivo non consentiranno ulteriori “aggiustamenti” in questa direzione: se incideranno esclusivamente o prevalentemente sugli ex moduli, questi ultimi dovranno rapidamente trasformarsi in tempi brevi con insegnante unico o fortemente prevalente, se sulle classi a tempo pieno sarà necessario riconsiderare il tradizionale modello di funzionamento con doppio organico e compresenze.
Nella prima ipotesi ci troveremmo di fronte a una polarizzazione del sistema scolastico primario difficile da sostenere, sul piano concettuale prima ancora che funzionale: tempo breve, insegnante unico, assenza di compresenza da un lato; tempo lungo, contitolarità, compresenza dall’altro.
Nella seconda ipotesi saremmo al progressivo, e neanche troppo lento, sfaldamento del modello classico di funzionamento del tempo pieno: 40 ore che inevitabilmente avrebbero il significato di rendere prevalente la funzione di custodialità, rispetto a ciò che il tempo pieno ha rappresentato e, in parte, ancora rappresenta in termini di innovazione e di qualità della didattica.
In entrambi i casi appare necessario e urgente ripensare a una nuova organizzazione della scuola primaria in grado di garantire accettabili condizioni di qualità, oltre che di omogeneità e di equità nella distribuzione delle risorse, a tutela dei diritti di tutti i cittadini e, in definitiva, dello stesso sistema Paese, considerata la rilevanza assoluta del segmento scolastico di cui stiamo parlando.
Ripensando all’esperienza di questi anni e ai ripetuti confronti con insegnanti e genitori, ci sentiamo di evidenziare alcuni punti fermi sui quali non è opportuno transigere in una prospettiva di ridefinizione delle principali modalità di funzionamento della scuola primaria:
1- tempo scuola effettivo (attività didattica) non inferiore alle 28 (primo ciclo) - 30 ore (secondo ciclo) settimanali: non è neppure ipotizzabile un ritorno al tempo scuola di 24 ore con l’insegnamento della lingua inglese e le nuove tecnologie;
2- separazione degli ambiti disciplinari fondamentali (lingua itailana – matematica/scienze), fortemente voluta dagli insegnanti, così come la contitolarità (corresponsabilità) nella conduzione della classe: significa non accettazione dell’insegnante unico/fortemente prevalente;
3- quota di compresenza pari ad almeno il 10% del tempo scuola per assicurare spazi a una didattica non solo frontale-trasmissiva, ma anche di tipo cooperativo-laboratoriale, volta all’inclusione e al recupero dallo svantaggio.
Rimane il problema del tempo scuola “esteso” , comprensivo del tempo mensa, ludico e ricreativo, così richiesto e apprezzato dalle famiglie nelle grandi aree urbane, del nord in particolare. Già oggi si tratta di un modello praticabile (e praticato) solo laddove si registra un forte impegno degli enti locali in termini di finanziamenti e disponibilità di strutture. Un modello di eccellenza che si va tuttavia impoverendo nella sua dimensione più squisitamente didattica e che non possiamo più pensare in semplice coesistenza con il restante universo scolastico sempre più immiserito e dequalificato.
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