Cosa sta succedendo nelle scuole primarie “a tempo pieno”? Perché in molte scuole, da Milano a Roma, anche i genitori hanno iniziato forme di protesta? Non si tratta solo della mancanza della carta igienica o dei gessi, ma di quello che succede nelle classi, tutti i giorni, sul piano della didattica. Capita ormai frequentemente che bambini rimasti senza il loro insegnante di classe (per assenza) vengano smistati in altre classi, per non dire “parcheggiati” per ore. Oppure che insegnanti che sarebbero “in compresenza” per alcune ore nella loro classe (nei casi, non molti, in cui le compresenze sono rimaste) vengano utilizzati per sostituire i colleghi assenti. Insomma situazioni caotiche che compromettono, quotidianamente, la didattica e mettono a dura prova la stessa organizzazione scolastica.
Si sta verificando di fatto l’attuazione di un Tempo Pieno, nella gran parte dei casi, senza le “compresenze” dei docenti. Questo vuol dire, implicitamente, dover rinunciare a svariate attività didattiche (laboratori, gruppi di studio e di recupero, classi aperte, ecc.). Proprio quelle attività progettuali che costituivano, guarda caso, il punto di forza del tempo pieno.
Già, perché – come da tempo andiamo sostenendo - il tempo pieno era e voleva essere non solo o non tanto un orario scolastico lungo bensì un modello pedagogico e didattico ben strutturato e connotato.
Essendo stati tra i fondatori e/o i promotori delle esperienze di tempo pieno nell’area milanese sin dalla sua fase sperimentale, possiamo ragionevolmente dire che questo modello si fondava su alcuni elementi costitutivi essenziali. Innanzi tutto il superamento della figura dell’insegnante unico, propria della scuola del mattino, di quello che era il “tempo normale” della scuola italiana fino agli anni ’70 ed oltre (proprio quello che la Gelmini vorrebbe oggi reintrodurre e restaurare!) con la proposta alternativa del gruppo docente, del team teaching. Lavorare in team voleva e vuole dire programmare insieme tutte le attività (una programmazione didattico-educativa comune ed unitaria), suddividersi gli ambiti disciplinari, utilizzare i momenti di “compresenza” per dividere le classi in gruppi offrendo ai gruppi di alunni la possibilità di attività diverse (molteplici attività di tipo creativo-espressivo, gruppi per livelli di apprendimento e/o di recupero, attività laboratoriali, ecc.).
Sappiamo bene che con l’andar del tempo la spinta propulsiva e innovativa dei primi tempi pieni, per molteplici ragioni (strutturali e motivazionali), si è andata in parte disperdendo. Non abbiamo risparmiato critiche a molti dei tempi pieni esistenti, divenuti una sorta di “tempo normale lungo” ove la semplice alternanza dei due docenti di classe ha finito per prevalere sul team docente e si sono riproposti contenuti e metodologie di insegnamento culturalmente povere e tradizionali (1).
Ciononostante nella maggior parte dellescuole primarie sono rimaste e sono in atto esperienze di tempo pieno valide, insegnanti che lavorano in team, buone prassi sul piano didattico. Ora anche queste realtà sono messe a dura prova dall’attacco del duo Gelmini-Tremonti.
Non viene aggredito e intaccato (per ora) il modello orario delle 40 ore. Questo “tempo-scuola” viene mantenuto, in taluni casi forse anche ampliato, ma a scapito degli organici. Utilizzando cioè le ore di compresenza dei docenti ai fini della definizione degli organici stessi (in molti casi infatti non è garantito il raddoppio automatico dei due insegnanti per ogni classe a tempo pieno). Ma in questa offensiva, alle ragioni di contenimento della spesa (tagli, riduzioni di posti, ecc.) si accompagnano anche motivazioni di carattere ideologico e culturale. Si vuole tornare cioè (come la Gelmini e lo stesso Tremonti hanno affermato chiaramente) a prima del ’68, a quel modello di maestro unico che il tempo pieno prima e i moduli poi avevano messo in discussione e quindi definitivamente superato. Il rifiuto del “collettivo”, del principio del lavoro in équipe, della “cooperazione educativa” nella scuola primaria. In questa ottica le compresenze appaiono, ai detrattori del team, del tutto inutili e insignificanti. Per questo vanno soppresse o utilizzate altrimenti (per le supplenze, appunto).
A questo punto, ci chiediamo, che fare? Noi crediamo che si possa tentare di uscire da questa situazione di stallo e di regressione culturale e pedagogica, con un’azione di difesa e di rilancio del modello di tempo pieno. Ripartendo dai suoi tratti qualitativamente più validi, da quelli che abbiamo definito i suoi elementi costitutivi. Una volta, negli anni ’70, per avviare classi a tempo pieno le scuole dovevano presentare - oltre alla esplicita richiesta dell’utenza, dei genitorI - un Progetto didattico. Questo Progetto, che esplicitava gli aspetti di innovazione didattica e organizzativa che si intendevano attuare, veniva valutato dagli ispettori tecnici e approvato o meno. Naturalmente parte integrante del Progetto erano gli elementi che indicavamo prima (gruppo docente, classi aperte, pluralità dell’offerta formativa e delle attività didattiche proposte, ecc.). Noi riteniamo che questa prassi vada ripresa. Alle scuole che presentano un Progetto di tempo pieno di questo tipo sia garantito il doppio organico (compresenze incluse), conditio sine qua non per l’attuazione del progetto stesso. Negli altri casi l’organico sia commisurato alla semplice attuazione dell’orario scolastico settimanale di 40 ore (tempo lungo). Sia garantita, in altre parole, la prosecuzione di un modello pedagogico e didattico che – come ha riconosciuto più volte la stessa on. Aprea, già direttrice didattica – si è dimostrato valido e qualitativamente significativo nel corso degli anni. Crediamo che per questo tempo pieno sia il caso di mobilitarsi. Per l’isola che non c’è, come nel libro di J.M. Barrie, Peter Pan. O non c’è più. Seconda stella a destra e poi dritto fino al mattino.
Gianni Gandola e Federico Niccoli
NOTE
(1) Vedi, ad esempio, un articolo per tutti: “L’evoluzione (e/o involuzione) del tempo pieno” http://www.scuolaoggi.org/node/1446
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